The Parthenon is one of the most iconic and influential buildings in Western architecture and a symbol of Ancient Greece’s artistic and cultural achievements. Situated at the top of the Acropolis of Athens, this temple was dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war, and reflects the grandeur of Athens during its Golden Age (5th century BCE).
History & Purpose
Built: Between 447 BCE and 438 BCE during the leadership of Pericles, a key figure in Athens' Golden Age.
Purpose: To honor Athena Parthenos, the virgin goddess, and to showcase the power and wealth of Athens.
Construction: Designed by architects Iktinos and Kallikrates, with sculptural work by the famous artist Phidias.
Architectural Features
Style: The Parthenon is built in the Doric order, known for its simple, strong columns and austere design.
Dimensions: The temple measures 69.5 meters long by 30.9 meters wide.
Columns: There are 8 columns on the front and 17 along the sides, giving it a proportionate, harmonious appearance.
Optical Refinements: The architects designed slight curves in the columns and the stylobate (the base of the temple) to correct visual distortions.
Art and Sculptures
Phidias' Statue of Athena: The original statue of Athena Parthenos, created by the sculptor Phidias, stood inside the temple. It was made of gold and ivory, and was about 12 meters tall. The statue no longer exists, but its representation is known through ancient descriptions and replicas.
Parthenon Marbles (Elgin Marbles): These are a series of sculptural details, including the frieze and metopes, that adorned the Parthenon. Most of these marbles are now housed in the British Museum, though Greece has long requested their return.
Visiting the Parthenon
Opening Hours: The Parthenon is usually open daily, but hours can vary. Early mornings or late afternoons are the best times to visit to avoid crowds and the midday heat.
Tickets: Entry to the Parthenon is included in the combined ticket for the Acropolis complex, which also covers sites like the Temple of Olympian Zeus and the Ancient Agora.
Nearby Museum: Don’t miss the Acropolis Museum to see many of the sculptures and artifacts related to the Parthenon.